https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2020.925

Investigating spatiotemporal patterns of the COVID-19 in São Paulo State, Brazil

Vol. 15 No. 2 (2020)
Submitted: 29 July 2020
Accepted: 17 September 2020
Published: 26 November 2020
COVID-19, biological hazard, spatial autocorrelation, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Authors

Enner Alcântara
enner.alcantara@unesp.br
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7777-2119
Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
José Mantovani
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7051-5304
Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
Luiz Rotta
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9392-1690
Faculty of Sciences and Technology, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
Edward Park
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1299-1724
National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
Thanan Rodrigues
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4302-4216
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Pará State, Castanhal, Brazil.
Fernando Campos Carvalho
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2752-1020
Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
Carlos Roberto Souza Filho
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5366-3439
Institute of Geosciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.

As of 16 May 2020, the number of confirmed cases and deaths in Brazil due to COVID-19 hit 233,142 and 15,633, respectively, making the country one of the most affected by the pandemic. The State of São Paulo (SSP) hosts the largest number of confirmed cases in Brazil, with over 60,000 cases to date. Here we investigate the spatial distribution and spreading patterns of COVID-19 in the SSP by mapping the spatial autocorrelation and the clustering patterns of the virus in relation to the population density and the number of hospital beds. Clustering analysis indicated that São Paulo City is a significant hotspot for both the confirmed cases and deaths, whereas other cities across the state were less affected. Bivariate Moran's I showed a low relationship between the number of deaths and population density, whereas the number of hospital beds was less related, implying that the fatality depends substantially on the actual patients' conditions. Multivariate Local Geary showed a positive relationship between the number of deaths and population density, with two cities near São Paulo City being negatively related; the relationship between the number of deaths and hospital beds availability in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area was basically positive. Social isolation measures throughout the State of São Paulo have been gradually increasing since early March, an action that helped to slow down the emergence of the new confirmed cases, highlighting the importance of the safe-distancing measures in mitigating the local transmission within and between cities in the state.

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How to Cite

Alcântara, E., Mantovani, J., Rotta, L., Park, E., Rodrigues, T., Campos Carvalho, F., & Roberto Souza Filho, C. (2020). Investigating spatiotemporal patterns of the COVID-19 in São Paulo State, Brazil. Geospatial Health, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2020.925
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