https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2020.800
Mapping premature ovarian insufficiency and potential environmental factors: A tool for triggering in-depth research of the problem in Slovenia
Submitted: 14 July 2019
Accepted: 11 February 2020
Published: 17 June 2020
Accepted: 11 February 2020
Abstract Views: 948
PDF: 474
HTML: 19
HTML: 19
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Aiming at triggering in-depth research of the problem of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) in Slovenia, we assessed the regional differences in POI incidence emphasising the relationship with social and physical environmental factors at the population level using a mapping approach. The differences in POI incidence between regions were tested by goodness-of-fit chi-square test, while Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the ecological relationship between POI incidence and selected environmental indicators. Significant indicators were mapped. The results showed highly significant interregional differences in POI incidence (p<0.001). Statistically significant ecological relationships were observed between POI incidence and prevalence of active smoking (p=0.001), passive smoking (p=0.017) and consumption of vitamins (p=0.008). The results could be used in diminishing interregional differences in POI. It was concluded that mapping is an effective tool in public health research, especially in triggering new activities.
Akahoshi M, Soda M, Nakashima E, Tominaga T, Ichimaru S, Seto S, Yano K, 2002. The effects of body mass index on age at menopause. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 26(7):961-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802039
Boivin J, Bunting L, Collins JA, Nygren KG, 2007. International estimates of infertility prevalence and treatment-seeking: potential need and demand for infertility medical care. Hum Reprod 22(6):1506-12.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dem046
Bolte T, Segula A, Fasing J, Rode B, Lesnjak M, Gartner D, Gjerek M, Lesnik M, Turk D, 2009. Ocena onesnaženosti zraka SO2, NO2, PM10, svincem, CO, benzenom, težkimi kovinami in policikliÄnimi aromatskimi ogljikovodiki v Sloveniji [Assessment of air pollution of SO2, NO2, PM10, lead, CO, benzene, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Slovenia], Ljubljana: EARS Publications.
Boyle P and Parkin DM, 1991. Statistical methods for registries. In: Jensen OM, Parkin DM, MacLennan R, Muir CS, Skeet RG. Cancer Registration: Principles and methods. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, pp. 126-58.
Briggs D, Corvalan C, Nurminen M, 1996. Linkage methods for environment and health analysis. General guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Caserta D, Di Segni N, Mallozzi M. Giovanale V, Mantovani A, Marci R, Moscarini M, 2014. Bisphenol A and the female reproductive tract: An overview of recent laboratory evidence and epidemiological studies. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 9;12:37.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-12-37
Costa EM, Spritzer PM, Hohl A, Bachega TA, 2014. Effects of endocrine disruptors in the development of the female reproductive tract. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 58(2):153-61.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-2730000003031
Craig ZR, Wang W, Flaws JA, 2011. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in ovarian function: Effects on steroidogenesis, metabolism and nuclear receptor signalling. Reproduction 142(5):633-46.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-11-0136
De Vos M, Devroey P, Fauser BCJM, 2001. Primary ovarian insufficiency. The Lancet 376(9744):911-21.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60355-8
Eržen I, VertaÄnik G, PodkrajÅ¡ek D, JuriÄiÄ M, UrÅ¡iÄ A, Zadnik V, 2006. ProuÄevanje vpliva okolja na pojav doloÄenih bolezni in poveÄano stopnjo umrljivosti prebivalcev na obmoÄju obÄine Zagorje ob Savi: ZakljuÄno poroÄilo [Study of the influence of the environment on the occurrence of certain diseases and the increased mortality rate of the population in the Zagorje ob Savi municipality: Final report]. Celje, Zavod za zdravstveno varstvo Celje.
European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), 2015. Management of women with premature ovarian insufficiency. Guideline of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. Grimbergen, European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology.
Geršak K, 2016. Is the incidence of female reproductive disorders in Slovenia related to environmental factors? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 206:e43.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.07.133
Gore AC, Walker DM, Zama AM, Armenti AE, Uzumcu M, 2011. Early life exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals causes lifelong molecular reprogramming of the hypothalamus and premature reproductive aging. Mol Endocrinol 25(12):2157-68.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2011-1210
Grindler NM, Allsworth JE, Macones GA, Kannan K, Roehl KA, Cooper AR, 2015. Persistent organic pollutants and early menopause in U.S. Women. PLoS ONE. 10(1):e0116057.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116057
Hannon PR, Flaws JA, 2015. The effects of phthalates on the ovary. Front Endocrinol 6:8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2015.00008
Horvat M, Mazej D, Snoj Tratnik J, Å lejkovec Z, JagodiÄ M, Fajon V, Pavlin M, Stanjko A, Krsnik M, Prezelj M, 2015. Monitoring kemikalij in njihovih ostankov v ljudeh, 2011-2014. ZakljuÄno poroÄilo o rezultatih kemijskih analiz za kovine in polkovine [Monitoring of chemicals and their residues in humans, 2011-2014. Final report on analytical results for metals and half-metals]. Ljubljana, Jožef Å tefan Institute (Report No. 11794).
Horvat M, Baskar M, CenÄiÄ-Kodba Z, Fajon V, JagodiÄ M, Križanec B, Krsnik M, LevaÄiÄ-Turk Z, Mazej D, Pavlin M, 2015. Monitoring kemikalij in njihovih ostankov v ljudeh, 2011-2014. ZakljuÄno poroÄilo o rezultatih kemijskih analiz [Monitoring of chemicals and their residues in humans 2011-2014: final report on the results of chemical analyse]. Ljubljana, Jožef Å tefan Institute (Report No. 11985).
Hyland A, Piazza K, Hovey KM, Tindle HA, Manson JE, Messina C, Rivard C, Smith D, Wactawski-Wende J, 2016. Associations between lifetime tobacco exposure with infertility and age at natural menopause: The women's health initiative observational study. Tob Control 25(6):706-14.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052510
Iorio R, Castellucci A, Ventriglia G, Teoli F, Cellini V, Macchiarelli G, Cecconi S, 2014. Ovarian toxicity: From environmental exposure to chemotherapy. Curr Pharm Des 20(34):5388-97.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612820666140205145319
Jankowska K, 2017. Premature ovarian failure. Menopause Rev 16(2):51-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/pm.2017.68592
Kebapcilar AG, Kulaksizoglu M, Kebapcilar L, Gonen MS, Unlü A, Topcu A, Demirci F, Taner CE, 2013. Is there a link between premature ovarian failure and serum concentrations of vitamin D, zinc, and copper? Menopause 20(1):94-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e31826015ca
Kickbusch I, Gleicher D, 2012. Governance for health in the 21st century. Copenhagen, WHO - World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe.
Kickbusch I, Gleicher D, 2014. Smart governance for health and well-being: the evidence. Copenhagen, WHO - World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe.
Knox SS, Jackson T, Javins B, Frisbee SJ, Shankar A, Ducatman AM, 2011. Implications of early menopause in women exposed to perfluorocarbons. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(6):1747-53.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2401
Kukec A, Zaletel-Kragelj L, FarkaÅ¡-LainÅ¡Äak J, Eržen I, HerakoviÄ A, Božnar M, Mlakar P, GraÅ¡iÄ B, Zadnik V, 2014. Health geography in case of Zasavje: linking of atmospheric air pollution and respiratory diseases data. Acta geogr Slov 54:345-62.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS54208
Kukec A, Božnar M, Mlakar P, GraÅ¡iÄ B, HerakoviÄ A, Zadnik V, Zaletel-Kragelj L, FarkaÅ¡-LainÅ¡Äak J, Eržen I, 2014. Methodological approach in determination of small spatial units in a highly complex terrain in atmospheric pollution research: the case of Zasavje region in Slovenia. Geospatial Health 8:527-35.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2014.42
Kukec A, Erzen I, Farkas J, Zaletel Kragelj L, 2014. Impact of air pollution with PM10 on primary health care consultations for respiratory diseases in children in Zasavje, Slovenia : a time-trend study. Zdrav Varst 53(1):55-68.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2014-0007
Meden-Vrtovec H, 2007. Premature ovarian failure: etiology, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Zdrav Vestn 76:551-557.
Morgenstern H, 1982. Uses of ecologic analysis in epidemiologic research. Am J Public Health 72(12):1336-44.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.72.12.1336
Morris DH, Jones ME, Schoemaker MJ, McFadden E, Ashworth A, Swerdlow AJ, 2012. Body mass index, exercise, and other lifestyle factors in relation to age at natural menopause: Analyses from the breakthrough generations study. Am J Epidemiol 175(10):998-1005.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr447
Nacionalni InÅ¡titut za Javno Zdravje (NIJZ), ZunajbolniÅ¡niÄna zdravstvena dejavnost (ZUBSTAT) [National Institute of Public Health, Out-patient Healthcare at Primary Level Database], 2018. Available from: URL: http://www.nijz.si/podatki/zunajbolnisnicna-zdravstvena-dejavnost-0
Nelson LM, 2009. Primary ovarian insufficiency. N Engl J Med 360(6):606-14.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp0808697
Nykiforuk CI, Flaman LM, 2011. Geographic information systems (GIS) for Health Promotion and Public Health: a review. Health Promot Pract 12(1):63-73.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839909334624
Patel S, Zhou C, Rattan S, Flaws JA, 2015. Effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on the ovary. Biol Reprod 93(1):20.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.115.130336
PerhariÄ L, VraÄko P, 2012. Development of national human biomonitoring programme in Slovenia. Int J Hyg Environ Health 215(2):180-84.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.014
Podfigurna-Stopa A, Czyzyk A, Grymowicz M, Smolarczyk R, Katulski K, Czajkowski K, Meczekalski B, 2016. Premature ovarian insufficiency: the context of long-term effects. J Endocrinol Invest 39(9):983-90.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-016-0467-z
Prospero F, Luzi S, Iacopini Z, 2003. Cigarette smoking damages women's reproductive life. Reprod Biomed Online 8(2):246-247.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60525-1
Purdue-Smithe AC, Whitcomb BW, Szegda KL, Boutot ME, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, Rosner BA, Troy LM, Michels KB, Bertone-Johnson ER, 2017. Vitamin D and calcium intake and risk of early menopause. Am J Clin Nutr 105(6):1493-501.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.145607
Slovenian Environment Agency. Drinking water quality data. Ljubljana: Slovenian Environment Agency, 2018. Available from: http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/
Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2018. Births and Deaths. Available from: http://www.stat.si/StatWeb/Field/Index/17/95
Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2018. Population by 5-year age groups and sex, statistical regions, Slovenia, annually. Available from: http://pxweb.stat.si/pxweb/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=05C2004S&ti=&path=../Database/Dem_soc/05_prebivalstvo/10_stevilo_preb/10_05C20_prebivalstvo_stat_regije/&lang=2
Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2018. Slovene statistical regions and municipalities in numbers (2016). Available from: http://www.stat.si/obcine/en/2016
Taylor DM, Yeager VA, Ouimet C, Menachemi N, 2012. Using GIS for Administrative Decision-Making in a Local Public Health Setting. Public Health Rep 127(3):347–53.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491212700316
Tzatzarakis MN, Karzi V, Vakonaki E, Goumenou M, Kavvalakis M, Stivaktakis P, Tsitsimpikou C, Tsakiris I, Rizos AK, Tsatsakis AM, 2017. Bisphenol A in soft drinks and canned foods and data evaluation. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 10(2):85-90.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2016.1266522
Vabre P, Gatimel N, Moreau J, Gayrard V, Picard-Hagen N, Parinaud J, Leandri RD, 2017. Environ-mental pollutants, a possible etiology for premature ovarian insufficiency: a narrative review of animal and human data. Environ Health 16(1):37.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0242-4
Verma P, Sharma KA, Shankar H, Sharma A, Rao DN, 2018. Role of trace elements, oxidative stress and immune system: A triad in premature ovarian failure. Biol Trace Elem Res 184(2):325-33.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-017-1197-6
Wang H, Chen H, Qin Y, Qin Y, Shi Z, Zhao X, Xu J, Ma B, Chen ZJ, 2015. Risks associated with premature ovarian failure in Han Chinese women. Reprod Biomed Online 30(4):401-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.12.013
Whitcomb BW, Purdue-Smithe AC, Szegda KL, Boutot ME, Hankinson SE, Manson JE, Rosner B, Willett WC, Eliassen AH, Bertone-Johnson ER, 2018. Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Early Natural Menopause. Am J Epidemiol 187(4):696-704.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx292
Yang HJ, Suh PS, Kim SJ, Lee SY, 2015. Effects of Smoking on Menopausal Age: Results From the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007 to 2012. J Prev Med Public Health 48(4):216-24.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.15.021
Zaletel-Kragelj L, Fras Z, MauÄec Zakotnik J, 2004. Tvegana vedenja, povezana z zdravjem in nekatera zdravstvena stanja pri odraslih prebivalcih Slovenije: rezultati raziskave Dejavniki tveganja za nenalezljive bolezni pri odraslih prebivalcih Slovenije (z zdravjem povezan vedenjski slog) [Risks related to health and certain health conditions in adult population of Slovenia: results of the research Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases in Adult Residents of Slovenia (health-related behavioral style)]. Ljubljana, CINDI Slovenija.
Zaletel M, VardiÄ D, Hladnik M, 2016. Zdravstveni statistiÄni letopis [Health Statistical Yearbook]. Ljubljana, Nacionalni inÅ¡titut za javno zdravje.
ZupanA M, 2005. Raziskave onesnaženosti tal Slovenije v letu 2004: PoroÄilo [Research of the pollution of the soil in Slovenia in the year 2004: report]. Ljubljana, BiotehniÅ¡ka fakulteta, Oddelek za agronomijo, Center za pedologijo in varstvo okolja.
ZupanB M, 2009. Raziskave onesnaženosti tal Slovenije v letu 2008: PoroÄilo [Research of the pollution of the soil in Slovenia in the year 2008: report]. Ljubljana, BiotehniÅ¡ka fakulteta, Oddelek za agronomijo, Center za pedologijo in varstvo okolja.
How to Cite
Geršak, Živa M., Geršak, K., Rejc, T., Perharič, L., Zaletel-Kragelj, L., & Kukec, A. (2020). Mapping premature ovarian insufficiency and potential environmental factors: A tool for triggering in-depth research of the problem in Slovenia. Geospatial Health, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2020.800
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
List of Cited By :
